广东省炎症性肠病围手术期加速康复外科管理专家指导意见

广东省医学会加速康复外科学分会第一届委员会
The First Committee of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society of Guangdong Province
陈创奇,中山大学附属第一医院胃肠外科中心,广州 510080 Email:chenchqi@mail.sysu.edu.cn Chen Chuangqi, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China Email: chenchqi@mail.sysu.edu.cn

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)、溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和未定型结肠炎(indeterminate colitis,IC)3种疾病类型,其诊断和治疗极具挑战性。有相当比例的IBD患者会在其自然病程中出现肠道狭窄、梗阻、穿孔、消化道瘘、出血、癌变等需要外科手术干预的并发症[1,2,3]。除少部分IBD患者因并发急性消化道穿孔、大出血或严重肠梗阻需急诊手术外,大部分患者可以通过药物优化、肠内和(或)肠外营养支持、腹腔脓肿穿刺引流等治疗措施改善营养状态、控制炎症反应后行择期手术[4]。此外,许多CD患者在其自然病程中可能需要接受多次手术,腹腔结构因此变得复杂,如果患者合并复杂肠瘘或病变累及重要脏器(如十二指肠、膀胱)等病理改变,手术方案的制定可能需要慎重考虑。此时往往需要消化内科、胃肠外科、泌尿外科、放射科、病理科、麻醉科、重症医学科、营养科、心理科等相关科室的专家进行多学科会诊(multi-disciplinary treatment,MDT)[5],针对可能出现的重大事项(如短肠综合征、肠造口)及术后并发症防治进行充分的讨论和准备,并将讨论和准备结果与患者及家属进行沟通。

为进一步优化围手术期管理,从而控制手术应激、降低并发症发生率、促进术后快速康复、缩短住院时间、降低医疗费用,加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念已被广泛应用于普通外科、妇产科、骨科、泌尿外科、神经外科、胸心外科等专科,取得良好的疗效。其中结直肠外科是ERAS临床应用最为成熟、循证医学证据最为充分的领域,但其聚焦的主要病种是结直肠肿瘤[6],而对于ERAS能否安全地应用于发病年龄更小、营养状态更差、术前药物治疗更复杂的IBD患者[7],目前循证医学证据较少[8],未见相关共识或指南。为此,广东省医学会加速康复外科学分会组织普通外科、消化内科、麻醉科、营养科等相关学科的专家共同制定本共识,以进一步规范ERAS在IBD围手术期管理中的应用。

本讨论意见根据德尔菲法(Delphi technique)制定,讨论确定需阐明的问题及提纲,2名研究人员独立进行文献检索、筛选、评价,分别撰写后交总负责人汇总成共识初稿[9,10]。然后召开专家研讨会,与会专家进行讨论、表决并提出修改意见,表决意见分为4级:a完全同意;b同意,有部分保留意见;c反对,有部分保留意见;d完全反对。以a、b表决人数大于80%认为达成共识,纳入本共识。根据投票结果分为A级指标(强烈推荐),即a得票数为80%及以上;B级指标(推荐),即a和b得票数相加为80%及以上;C级指标(建议),即a、b和c得票数相加为80%及以上;未达C级指标则删去。根据证据级别高低及专家投票结果。本讨论意见将推荐等级分为"强烈推荐"、"推荐"和"建议"3个等级。本共识仅适用于IBD择期手术患者,不推荐用于急诊手术患者。

一、术前准备

1.采取各种方式对患者进行术前宣教,提高患者对各项ERAS措施的依从性。推荐等级:强烈推荐

术前宣教有利于减轻患者的恐惧和焦虑情绪,提高患者对各项ERAS措施的依从性,以及增强患者对术后不良反应的认知度和接受度,从而达到减少医患矛盾,加速患者术后康复,缩短住院时间的目的[11,12]。具体宣教内容应涵盖围手术期各项相关事宜,包括心理护理、心肺功能准备、预防上呼吸道感染、改善营养状况、术前准备(饮食指导、肠道准备、IBD相关药物的撤停、造口评估等)、手术相关内容(手术目的、手术方式、手术类型、手术时间、麻醉方式、可能的并发症、预期效果等)以及围手术期管理(心电血压等生命体征的监测、尿量与输液观察、镇痛与管道护理、营养管理、康复计划、药物管理等)[13]。告知患者预设的出院标准、随访安排及再入院途径等,采取的方式包括口头宣教、书面告知、展板交流、视频展示等。

2.对所有IBD患者进行精神心理评估和干预。推荐等级:推荐

不良的精神心理因素与IBD发生、活动、进展可能互为因果,互相影响[14]。IBD患者在受到临床躯体症状影响的同时,容易出现疼痛、疲劳、抑郁、焦虑、性功能障碍、对身体形象不满意、饮食失调等精神心理障碍。IBD患者抑郁和焦虑的发生率分别为2.2%~62.3%和7.6%~75.6%,并呈逐年上升趋势[14,15,16,17,18]。中国女性IBD患者焦虑和抑郁的比例显著高于男性[19]。术前焦虑会导致IBD患者出院延迟,增加住院费用[20]。焦虑和抑郁也是预测IBD复发的重要指标[21]。然而,大部分合并焦虑和抑郁的IBD患者没有得到正规的精神心理治疗[22]

应十分强调对IBD患者的精神健康问题进行早期筛查、早期干预。建议采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAM-D)、抑郁筛查量表(PHQ-9)、抑郁症状自评表(SCL-90-R)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAM-A)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)等进行筛查[23]。治疗策略包括(1)对存在心理合并症的IBD患者积极采取药物治疗,以达到改善睡眠质量,减轻炎症和疼痛的目的;选择性血清再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)和三环类抗抑郁药(TCAs)是治疗焦虑和抑郁的IBD患者的最常见药物;(2)采取认知行为疗法、心理动力学疗法、接纳和承诺疗法、压力管理计划、正念、催眠或以解决方案为中心的治疗进行精神心理干预;(3)脑-肠-菌群轴干预疗法,包括补充益生元和益生菌、抗生素、补充短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、粪菌移植(FMT)等[24,25,26,27]。综上所述,精神心理评估和干预应该作为IBD疾病长期管理的重要组成部分,心理学家是IBD-MDT团队的重要成员之一。

3.IBD患者术前戒烟戒酒,以减少围手术期并发症的发生,降低术后复发风险。推荐等级:强烈推荐

吸烟是IBD发病和CD术后复发的危险因素,也是导致CD发生术后并发症的高危因素之一[28,29,30]。源于胃肠肿瘤研究的结果表明,术前戒烟可降低手术并发症风险、促进伤口愈合和提高术后康复效果,并且对减少手术并发症具有成本效益[31,32,33]。吸烟会增加伤口感染、肺部并发症及血栓栓塞等风险,术前戒烟2周以上可减少术后并发症的发生[34,35]。戒酒可缩短住院时间,降低并发症发生率和病死率,改善预后[36]。戒酒时间长短对器官功能的影响不同,戒酒2周即可明显改善血小板功能,缩短出血时间,减少手术应激和术后并发症[37]。因此,戒烟戒酒可以减少术中、术后并发症的发生风险,减少伤口愈合不良,提高免疫力,促进术后康复。同时,戒烟戒酒还有助于改善整体健康状况,降低IBD术后复发及其他慢性疾病的发生风险。

4.对于存在潜在肺部并发症风险(年龄>60岁、肺功能不佳、或长期置放鼻饲管)的患者,应加强IBD围手术期的呼吸系统监测和管理措施,减少呼吸系统并发症,促进术后患者的康复。推荐等级:强烈推荐

呼吸系统管理是保障IBD患者围手术期生命安全的重要环节,肺预康复训练能减少术后肺部并发症和住院时间[38]。术前肺部康复教育术后并发症发生率仅为6%,显著低于对照组(27%)[39]。因此,对于存在潜在肺部并发症风险的患者,比如年龄>60岁,肺功能不佳,或长期置放鼻饲管等有误吸风险的患者,应在术前评估患者的呼吸功能,包括肺活量、气道通畅性和氧合情况等,并进行肺预康复训练[40,41]。选择合适麻醉方法和药物,术中麻醉密切监测呼吸功能并采用肺保护策略,确保氧气供应和二氧化碳排出[42]。鼓励患者术后早期进行深呼吸和咳嗽练习,预防肺部感染和促进肺部功能恢复,推荐使用呼吸器辅助设备,如呼吸器、咳痰器等[43]。术后镇痛可以减轻患者不适感,促进正常呼吸。

5.对所有IBD患者进行术前贫血、缺铁性贫血的筛查,并合理补充铁剂和维生素B12。推荐等级:强烈推荐

由于长期受到胃肠道慢性炎症的影响,IBD患者铁的摄入不足,铁的吸收不良,以及黏膜溃疡导致慢性失血、营养不良、药物不良反应等,以及容易导致缺铁性贫血、维生素B12缺乏和慢性贫血的发生。贫血是预测IBD复发的一个重要因素,IBD患者贫血的矫正与IBD症状的控制和药物治疗一样重要。IBD住院患者贫血发生率为32%~74%,IBD相关贫血中缺铁的患病率估计为36%~90%,甚至报道新诊断IBD患者缺铁发生率高达77.53%[44,45,46,47,48]。CD患者维生素B12缺乏的发生率为5.6%~38%,当CD累及回肠或回肠切除超过20 cm时,容易出现维生素B12缺乏[49,50]。贫血会引起患者慢性疲劳、头痛和头晕、运动耐受性降低、呼吸困难、心动过速、生活质量下降、免疫系统紊乱甚至晕厥等临床症状,同时也会增加住院老年IBD患者跌倒、残疾、痴呆和死亡风险。因此,术前应针对IBD患者缺铁的程度加强铁的补充,包括(1)富含铁食物的补充,例如肉和鱼、豆类、菠菜、富含维生素C的食物;(2)口服铁制剂,如含Fe2+的硫酸铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁以及含糖复合物铁形式Fe3+的铁多麦芽糖复合物(22/57/59);建议每天口服补铁量为50~200 mg,术前4周开始治疗;(3)对于严重贫血、治疗反应不足或口服制剂不耐受情况下可以静脉补铁。对于临床维生素B12缺乏的IBD患者,首选肌肉注射的方法,第1周隔天注射维生素B12 1000 mg,随后每个月注射1次;回肠切除超过20 cm的患者,应当预防性补充维生素B12(每个月肌肉注射1000 mg);也可采取口服补充的方法,但其证据尚不充分[50]

6.对所有IBD患者进行术前营养风险筛查,对存在营养风险或营养不良患者给予合理的术前营养支持。推荐等级:强烈推荐

营养不良是IBD患者最常见表现之一,发生率高达49.5%,其中CD患者合并营养不良较UC患者更为常见[51,52]。慢性失血、肠道吸收不良(宏量营养素和微量元素等,如铁、叶酸、维生素B、维生素D)、经口摄入不足、慢性炎症以及合并感染等多种因素导致能量需求增加,以及使用糖皮质激素等使IBD患者面临慢性营养不良的高风险。

营养不良是导致术后并发症发生的一个重要因素。肠内营养支持有利于提高IBD患者的临床缓解率和降低手术并发症的发生率[53,54,55]。术前给予2周以上(≥600 kcal/d,1 kcal = 4.184 KJ)的肠内营养支持,可显著减少术后总体并发症、外科并发症、非外科并发症以及感染并发症[55]。此外,全肠内营养有利于诱导CD缓解、促进腹腔脓肿吸收[56]

因此,术前应常规进行营养风险筛查与评估。推荐采用术前营养风险筛查工具2002(nutritional risk screening tools 2002,NRS-2002)评分作为营养风险筛查工具[57]。建议将IBD患者的营养状况分为重度营养不良(≥9分)、中度营养不良(4~8分)以及营养正常(0~3分)。NRS-2002评分≥3分者具有营养风险。推荐使用患者整体营养状况评估表(scored patient-generated subjective global assessment)[58]进行主观营养评估。客观营养状况评估常用的指标有体质量、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、三头肌皮褶厚度、血清白蛋白等。术前营养支持可明显改善IBD患者的体质量、BMI、去脂体质量、去脂体质指数和相位角[59]。近年来,各种新的营养评估指标和风险筛查工具正受到越来越多的重视,如肌少症(sarcopenia)和全球领导人营养不良倡议(global leadership initiative on malnutrition,GLIM)标准[60,61]。与传统方法相比,肌少症和GLIM在IBD患者营养不良诊断敏感度和不良结局预测价值等方面可能更具优势[62,63]

建议由医师、营养师、护士、药剂师等多学科专业人员组成的营养支持小组执行营养支持治疗;对病情稳定但需要长期营养支持的患者建议在营养支持小组指导下实施。满足以下条件之一的营养不良或有营养风险的IBD患者接受腹部手术前推荐先纠正营养不良:(1)既往6个月内体质量下降>10%~15%;(2)BMI<18.5 kg/m2;(3)血清白蛋白<30 g/L且无合并肝肾功能不全[50]。目前无相关文献报道营养支持应达到何种程度方可接受手术,一般推荐术前营养支持至少7~14 d,首选口服营养补充剂或肠内营养,必要时置入鼻肠管进行肠内营养液鼻饲[50]。无法耐受肠内营养或单纯肠内营养不能满足机体要求者需联合肠外营养,但需注意长时间肠外营养带来的感染、营养及代谢紊乱等风险[64]

7.无肠梗阻的IBD患者,允许其口服肠内营养至麻醉前6 h,摄入清液体至麻醉前2 h。推荐等级:建议

对大多数择期手术的IBD患者而言,无需隔夜禁食。合并肠梗阻的患者,不建议术前口服碳水化合物。对于无肠梗阻的患者,术前口服碳水化合物可有效缓解患者的口渴、饥饿、疲劳和焦虑状态,降低术后胰岛素抵抗的发生[65]。对于因肠瘘、腹腔脓肿术前正在进行肠内营养治疗的患者,允许继续口服肠内营养至麻醉前6 h,摄入清液体(清水、糖水、无渣果汁、碳酸饮料、不含有米粒的米汤以及12.5%碳水化合物饮料)至麻醉前2 h。无糖尿病病史的成人患者,可术前12 h饮用800 ml、术前2 h饮用不超过400 ml或5 ml/kg的清亮碳水化合物饮品。

8.拟行小肠、右半结肠切除或全结肠切除的患者,无需常规行术前肠道准备。拟行左半结肠、直肠切除或全腔镜吻合或经自然腔道取标本手术的患者,术前可行机械性肠道准备及口服肠道抗菌素。肠道狭窄并有肠梗阻患者,无需行机械性肠道准备。肠道狭窄但无肠梗阻患者,可术前口服缓泻剂或分次小剂量口服聚乙二醇散。推荐等级:建议

富含细菌的大肠内容物的术野污染是结直肠外科术后手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)的重要原因,也是术后吻合漏发生的高危因素之一[66]。对于CD小肠、右半结肠切除手术及UC全结肠切除患者,无需常规行术前肠道准备,这有利于维持原来的肠道微生态,促进术后肠功能的恢复,且不增加吻合口漏及手术部位感染的发生率[67]

尽管多项随机对照研究表明,结直肠手术前常规行机械性肠道准备(mechanical bowel preparation,MBP)不能减少SSI及吻合口漏的发生[67],但这一结论正受到越来越多的真实世界研究数据的挑战。欧洲47个国家343个中心3676例左半结肠或直肠切除患者,618例(16.8%)接受MBP+口服抗生素,1945例(52.9%)接受MBP,1099例(29.9%)无肠道准备,3组的吻合口漏发生率分别为6.1%、9.2%和8.7%;与无肠道准备比较,MBP+口服抗生素可降低吻合口漏发生率,单纯MBP不能降低吻合口漏发生率[68]。欧洲一项纳入8415例结直肠手术的大型回顾性研究表明,MBP+口服抗生素与无肠道准备相比可显著降低SSI的发生(6.5%比14.9%),单纯MBP(12%)并无明显获益,MBP+口服抗生素对比无肠道准备可减少吻合口漏发生率(2.8%比5.7%)[69]。一项纳入46项研究12 690例择期结直肠手术患者的荟萃分析也发现,与单纯MBP或无肠道准备比较,MBP+口服抗生素可显著减少SSI的发生[70]

约50% CD患者会出现肠道纤维性狭窄或穿透病变,因此,术前口服泻药肠道准备需谨慎评估[71]。对于肠道狭窄并有肠梗阻表现者,不建议口服泻药作为肠道准备。对于肠道狭窄但无肠梗阻的患者,应避免一次口服大剂量泻药,可在入院后或术前数日开始分次口服缓泻剂(如乳果糖、番泻叶、液状石蜡),或术前分次小剂量口服聚乙二醇4000散,同时口服覆盖革兰阴性菌和厌氧菌的肠道不易吸收的抗生素[72]

9. IBD择期手术需预防性使用抗生素。合并腹腔脓肿的CD患者,术前通过使用广谱抗生素、经皮穿刺引流、肠内营养等措施待腹腔脓肿吸收或局限(<3 cm)后择期手术。推荐等级:强烈推荐

抗菌药物在IBD加速康复外科手术中的使用是为了预防和治疗细菌感染,根据术前评估和细菌培养结果选择敏感的抗菌药物,进行个体化治疗,保证手术成功和患者安全。合并腹腔脓肿的CD患者,术前推荐通过广谱抗生素治疗、经皮穿刺引流、肠内营养等措施控制腹腔脓肿,待腹腔脓肿吸收或局限(<3 cm)后再择期手术,可降低手术造瘘风险,减少并发症发生率。这些措施与急诊手术和单独经皮穿刺引流相比,可明显缩短住院时间[73,74]。择期IBD手术多为Ⅱ类切口,术前需预防性应用抗生素,根据患者的病情、手术类型决定抗菌药物,其使用原则如下:(1)结直肠切除手术的预防用药应覆盖需氧菌及厌氧菌;(2)应在切开皮肤前30 min至1 h输注完毕;(3)单一剂量与多剂量方案具有同样的效果,如果手术时间>3 h或术中出血量>1000 ml,可在术中重复使用1次[75]

10. IBD择期术前撤停糖皮质激素2周以上。不应因为术前使用免疫抑制剂或生物制剂而拖延手术时机。推荐等级:推荐

IBD治疗药物,如激素、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂等,是一把"双刃剑",有助于控制炎症进展、局限病变范围、减少手术创伤及手术并发症,但也可能因为药物的免疫抑制作用或手术时机延误导致手术并发症的增加。

(1)糖皮质激素:糖皮质激素是手术并发症的一个风险因素[76],IBD患者术前使用泼尼松剂量≥20 mg/d、时间>6周,术后感染风险增加5倍[77]。使用糖皮质激素不足2周者,术前可快速撤停。长期使用糖皮激素且停药不加重原发病病情者,术前应逐步减量,每周减5 mg,泼尼松<20 mg/d时每2周减5 mg,3个月左右撤除,以免出现急性肾上腺皮质功能减退症[1]。停用糖皮质激素2周以上可接受择期手术,无法停用糖皮质激素者应考虑术中造口。术后继续给予维持应激所需的激素剂量[78]

(2)免疫抑制剂:免疫抑制剂的使用不会增加术后并发症的发生风险[79,80,81]。嘌呤类药物手术当日停用,术后3 d如能经口进食且肾功能正常可继续使用。环孢素术前不需停药,术后可立即恢复使用,但需要密切监测血药浓度和机会性感染的发生。甲氨蝶呤术前1周停药,如有感染并发症至少术后1周后、切口愈合后恢复使用[78]

(3)生物制剂:IBD患者手术前使用抗肿瘤坏死因子(tumour necrosis factor,TNF)-α单克隆抗体等生物制剂是否会增加术后感染并发症率,目前仍存在较大争议。欧洲的多中心回顾性研究(Geteccu研究)旨在比较术前12周内使用生物制剂是否会影响术后并发症的发生,研究共纳入1535例次手术(1370例)IBD患者,无使用生物制剂组824例次,生物制剂组711例次,其中抗TNF-α单克隆抗体组584例次,维得利珠单克隆抗体(vedolizumab,VDZ)组58例次,乌司奴单克隆抗体(ustekinumab,UST)组69例次,结果发现,术前12周内生物制剂暴露不增加术后总体并发症的发生,但会增加术后感染并发症的发生风险[82]。另外一项纳入12个中心947例IBD患者的前瞻性观察性研究发现,术前12周内接受抗TNF-α单克隆抗体治疗并不增加术后总体感染并发症及SSI的发生[83]

荟萃分析结论也并不一致。一项纳入41个研究20 274例IBD患者的荟萃分析发现,抗TNF-α单克隆抗体治疗会显著增加IBD患者的总体并发症、CD患者的感染并发症和UC患者的非感染并发症[84]。另一项纳入33个研究的荟萃分析发现,择期手术前3个月接受抗TNF-α单克隆抗体治疗会增加CD患者术后感染并发症的发生,不增加UC患者术后感染并发症及总体并发症的发生[85]。一项纳入8个研究2064例UC、CD、未定型结肠炎患者的荟萃分析发现,术前12周内使用抗TNF-α单克隆抗体不增加术后总体并发症发生率,但VDZ会增加SSI和小肠梗阻的发生[86],这一结论与另外一项荟萃分析的结论相似[76]。血清中生物制剂浓度与IBD腹部手术后并发症的发生风险无关,更高的抗TNF-α单克隆抗体药物浓度往往预示更低UC结肠切除率、更低的CD回结肠切除术后复发率以及更高的CD肛瘘愈合率[87,88]。鉴于目前无明确证据表明生物制剂会增加CD手术并发症的发生率,欧洲克罗恩病与结肠炎组织(European Crohn′s and Colitis Organization,ECCO)2020年更新了CD药物治疗指南,推荐CD手术前无需强制停用生物制剂[1]

(4)氨基酸水杨酸制剂:围手术期使用氨基水杨酸制剂不增加手术风险,柳氮磺胺吡啶和美沙拉嗪对胃肠道黏膜有刺激,推荐胃肠道功能恢复后使用[89,90,91]

11. IBD患者围手术期应接受静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估,并采取药物和机械预防静脉血栓栓塞症的发生。推荐等级:强烈推荐

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)分为以深静脉系统血液异常凝集为主的深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)和DVT形成后栓子游走至肺动脉导致的肺动脉栓塞两大类。来自不同地区的人群研究显示,IBD患者VTE风险较健康人增加3倍以上[92,93,94]。近年来因VTE住院的IBD患者越来越常见,建议除外有禁忌证,所有患者都应接受肝素预防和机械预防[95]。抗凝剂是预防深静脉血栓形成的关键药物,推荐使用低分子肝素进行药物预防,按体质量给药,每次100 U/kg,每12小时1次,皮下注射,肾功能不全者慎用。术前接受维生素K拮抗剂治疗患者,在肛门及肛周中小手术后12~24 h即可继续使用;对于胃肠道大手术及出血风险较高的患者,肝素可以推迟到术后3 d或待患者的凝血系统功能趋于稳定后再使用[96]。ECCO指南建议IBD患者延长VTE预防至28 d[97]。穿戴弹力袜、气动按压及早期下床活动有助于促进下肢血液循环,减少深静脉血栓形成的风险,机械预防可选择合适压力袜和术中间歇性气动按压[98]

二、麻醉管理

12.麻醉科医生应对IBD患者各器官功能进行麻醉前评估和处理。推荐等级:强烈推荐

术前麻醉访视时,麻醉科医生应询问患者吸烟史、过敏史、手术史、脓毒症史、心脏病史、脑梗死史、哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)史、高血压和糖尿病等病史,并对重要器官功能进行评估(心脑血管系统、呼吸系统、内分泌系统、肝脏功能、肾脏功能、凝血功能、深静脉血栓风险等)。美国麻醉医师协会分级标准显示全身健康状况分级与患者术后转归有相关性(表1[99]。Ⅰ、Ⅱ级患者麻醉和手术耐受性良好;Ⅲ级患者有一定危险,需做好准备,对可能发生的并发症采取有效的措施;Ⅳ级患者危险性极大,即使准备充分,围手术期死亡率仍很高;Ⅴ级患者围手术期死亡率极高,不建议进行择期手术或非抢救性急诊手术。

10.3760/cma.j.cn101480-20230904-00015.T001

美国麻醉医师协会分级标准

分级标准 症状描述
Ⅰ级 体格健康,发育营养良好,各器官功能正常
Ⅱ级 除外科疾病外,有轻度系统性疾病、功能代偿健全
Ⅲ级 系统性疾病较严重,体力活动受限,但尚能应付日常生活
Ⅳ级 系统性疾病严重,丧失日常活动能力,经常面临生命威胁
Ⅴ级 无论手术与否,生命难以维持24 h的濒死患者
Ⅵ级 确定脑死亡,准备捐献组织器官的患者

围手术期主要心脏不良事件是影响非心脏手术并发症和病死率的重要原因[100],术前恰当应用评估工具进行心脏风险评估至关重要。采用改良心脏风险指数评估围手术期严重心脏并发症的风险[101],其内容包括心脏疾病史(冠状动脉疾病、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、结构性心脏病或心律疾病)、脑血管病史、糖尿病史(术前胰岛素治疗)、慢性肾脏疾病(血肌酐>176.8 μmol/L,肾小球滤过率<30 ml/min)。心脏疾病患者,冠状动脉狭窄超过70%者,应请心脏内科会诊。原则上发生急性心肌梗死后患者接受冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后6个月,再行择期手术更为安全。术前血压宜控制在160/ 100 mmHg(1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)以下,抗高血压药可继续使用至手术日早晨,血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor)类降压药物手术日停用。控制肺部疾病、呼吸功能训练和呼吸功能判断,有呼吸功能障碍患者,动脉血气分析氧分压小于70 mmHg或第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in the first second)小于50%预计值,不推荐手术,建议改善呼吸功能后再手术。

对于合并肝脏疾病的IBD患者,白蛋白水平<30 g/L的患者应明确低蛋白血症的原因,并进行营养评估,白蛋白水平>35 g/L可行手术。凝血功能正常或凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time)延长时间不超3秒;非梗阻性胆红素升高不超34.2 μmol/L,肝硬化合并脾功能亢进,血小板>50 × 109/L。肾脏功能血尿素氮升高在正常上限1.5倍以内,肌酐<176.8 μmol/L,肾小球滤过率>30 ml/min,无电解质紊乱。糖尿病患者空腹血糖水平控制在10 mmol/L以下。无甲状腺功能及肾上腺皮质功能障碍,当亢进或减退时应控制激素于正常水平。推荐使用预测深静脉血栓形成的临床模型(Wells评分)[102],对于血栓发病因素明显、症状体征典型的患者,首选超声检查明确诊断。Wells评分为低度可能时,血D-二聚体检测阳性者,应进一步行超声检查[103]

13.腹腔镜或开放腹部手术选择全身麻醉或联合椎管内麻醉或联合区域神经阻滞;实施肛门及肛周的手术选择椎管内麻醉。推荐等级:强烈推荐

选择全身麻醉或联合椎管内麻醉[硬膜外阻滞和(或)蛛网膜下腔阻滞]或联合区域神经阻滞,选择原则为保证患者安全且能满足手术的需求,且有利于加速康复[104]。全身麻醉应选用短效镇静、短效阿片类镇痛药及肌松药,如丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼、罗库溴胺、顺式阿曲库铵等[105]。强调精确管理麻醉用药,最大限度降低手术的应激反应,使患者快速苏醒并拔除气管插管,无麻醉药物残留效应[106]。腹腔镜或开放腹部手术,全身麻醉可满足外科的需求,术后静脉镇痛可有效降低术后应激反应,减轻术后疼痛控制并加快肠功能恢复[107,108]。实施肛门及肛周手术的IBD患者可选择椎管内麻醉。

14.术中监测麻醉深度,加强气道管理,采用目标导向液体治疗原则指导补液,避免术中低血压,注意术中保温。推荐等级:强烈推荐

脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS 40~60)可用于指导麻醉深度监测和维持,以避免麻醉过深或过浅导致的术中知晓。对于高龄患者,麻醉深度应该维持在较高的一侧,以避免麻醉过深导致的术后谵妄及潜在的远期认知功能损害。气道管理及肺保护性通气潮气量可控制在6~8 ml/kg,中度呼气末正压在5~8 cm H2O,吸入气中的氧浓度分数(FiO2)<60%,吸呼比为1∶2.0至1∶2.5,其中慢性阻塞性肺部疾病患者可以调整吸呼比为1∶3至1∶4。为了防止肺不张,可采取间断性肺复张性通气,在手术结束、拔管前至少实施1次。术中调整通气频率维持动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)在35~ 45 mmHg。腹腔镜手术时,CO2气腹以及特殊体位可能影响呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)评价PaCO2的准确性,在气腹后应及时测定动脉血气以指导通气参数的调整,以避免严重高碳酸血症的发生。ERAS液体管理是为了减少机体体液量的改变。术中输液及循环系统管理以目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy)的原则作为指导。体液不足会导致机体灌注不良和器官功能障碍,而水钠潴留则是术后肠麻痹及相关并发症的主要原因。所以术中应用平衡液维持出入量平衡,避免输液过度或容量不足。辅助应用血管收缩药物是避免术中低血压,降低低血压相关急性心肌损伤、急性肾损伤及术后肠梗阻的发生率,减少肠道低灌注对吻合口漏可能等潜在影响的有效措施。α肾上腺素能受体激动剂,如苯肾上腺素或低剂量去甲肾上腺素等缩血管药物可在术中维持血压不低于术前血压的20%。对于无肾功能损害的患者,可考虑术中输注胶体溶液。

研究表明腹部手术体温过低的总发生率为67.0%[109],低体温使患者凝血功能和免疫功能下降,增加出血、伤口及肺部感染和心血管意外事件风险[110,111]。手术过程注意患者保温,采取措施包括输注液体加温、加压空气加热(暖风机)、手术间温度调控等,维持患者中心体温不低于36℃[112]

三、疼痛管理

15.采取多模式镇痛的方法对IBD患者进行围手术期疼痛管理。推荐等级:强烈推荐

常用的疼痛评估方法包括视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)、数字评分法(numerical rating scale,NRS)、Wong-Baker面部表情量表(Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale)、语言等级评定量表(verbal rating scale)等。常用的镇痛药物包括非甾体类抗炎药、阿片类药物、曲马多、氯胺酮或艾司氯胺酮、钙离子通道拮抗剂(加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林)、右美托咪定、糖皮质激素、利多卡因等[113]

ERAS疼痛管理分为术前、术中、术后及出院后4个阶段[114,115]。术前对患者进行宣教和心理疏导,使用镇痛药物可以减轻围术期有害刺激造成的外周和中枢神经敏化,打断疼痛链,提高疼痛阈值,降低术后疼痛强度,减少镇痛药物需求和药物相关不良反应[116,117]

腹部手术的术中镇痛应采取多种麻醉方法,联合多种镇痛药物,尽量减少阿片类药物的使用。手术区域增加局部麻醉药时可降低阿片类药物需求和不良反应,如布比卡因或罗哌卡因50~100 mg或利多卡因400 mg,复合局部麻醉药手术切口局部浸润麻醉或超声引导下腹横肌筋膜神经阻滞[118,119]。手术采用全身麻醉联合椎管内麻醉或超声引导下神经阻滞,联合使用多种镇痛药物,减少阿片类药物的使用,有利于减少肠麻痹,加快术后肠道功能的恢复[107]。切开皮肤前进行切口局部浸润麻醉可以减少术后阿片类药物的使用,减轻手术切口的疼痛。

术后镇痛目前采用多模式镇痛,口服给药适合于神志清楚的轻度-中度疼痛患者。对于手术后中重度疼痛患者,目前多采用患者自控镇痛(patient controlled analgesia,PCA),PCA根据给药途径不同可分为静脉、硬膜外PCA、外周神经阻滞PCA和皮下PCA,其中以硬膜外PCA和静脉PCA最为常用[107,120]。与胸段硬膜外阻滞(thoracic epidural analgesia,TEA)相比,PCA在缩短住院时间和降低总并发症发生率方面具有优势,首次排便时间更晚;而TEA在第1天和第2天的静息疼痛VAS评分较低,TEA组的行走VAS评分也较低[121]

出院后镇痛主要通过口服给药途径实现,可选择的药物包括对COX-2选择性抑制剂、曲马多和口服阿片类药物等。鉴于非选择性非甾体抗炎类药物可能会加重IBD患者的黏膜损伤和出血[122],因此应当谨慎使用。

四、减少应激反应

16.腹腔镜、机器人手术系统可以安全地用于IBD择期手术治疗。对于复杂CD患者,术者应根据自身的经验和水平决定是否采取微创手术。推荐等级:推荐

早期腹腔镜IBD手术中转开腹率高达20%~40%[123,124]。随着手术器械的发展和手术技巧的进步,以腹腔镜为代表的微创手术已安全有效应用于CD和UC的外科治疗,中转开腹率明显下降[125,126]

对于IBD择期手术,如局限性回盲肠切除、小肠部分切除、结肠部分切除或UC全结直肠切除+回肠储袋肛管吻合手术(ileal pouch anal anastomosis,IPAA)等,术者应常规选择腹腔镜或机器人等微创手术,有利于减轻手术应激、减少术中失血量、降低术后并发症、保护性功能和生育功能、缩短住院时间[127,128,129,130]。与开腹手术相比,复杂型CD(肠系膜高度肥厚、腹腔多发内瘘、腹腔脓肿或再次手术)患者腹腔镜手术的失血量更多、手术时间更长、中转开腹率更高、住院时间更长[131]。因此,术者应根据自身的经验和水平,决定是否采取微创手术。在腹腔镜IBD手术开展初期或进行完全腹腔镜手术难度较大的情况下,亦可采取腹腔镜游离+辅助切口体外切除吻合的杂交手术,以降低手术难度、缩短手术时间、减少手术并发症[132]

17.无合并高危因素(术前使用激素、合并严重肛周病变或远端结肠、直肠病变、腹腔广泛脓肿形成、吻合肠管水肿严重)的CD患者,无需常规行转流性肠造口,有利于减轻术后应激。推荐等级:建议

肠造口手术会增加IBD患者的生理和心理应激[133]。择期CD手术无需常规行转流性肠造口,转流性造口适用于以下患者:(1)术前使用泼尼松剂量≥20 mg/d、时间>6周[73,134];(2)合并严重肛周病变或远端结肠、直肠病变[135,136];(3)腹腔广泛脓肿形成、吻合肠管水肿严重[137]。而对于择期UC患者,二期IPAA手术(一次完成全结直肠切除+回肠储袋肛管吻合,近段性保护性回肠造口,8周后还纳造口)仍然是主流,一期IPAA手术(一次完成全结直肠切除+回肠储袋肛管吻合,无保护性回肠造口)仅适用于营养条件良好,直肠炎症轻,无使用激素等经严格筛选后的患者[2]

18.具有高危因素的IBD人群应使用抑酸药物预防应激性黏膜病变。对于无高危因素的IBD患者,术后无需常规使用抑酸药物。推荐等级:推荐

上消化道受累、使用大剂量糖皮质激素(氢化可的松>250 mg/d)、复杂和(或)危重的患者容易并发术后应激性黏膜病变,主要表现为胃和十二指肠黏膜糜烂和(或)溃疡,是引起术后上消化道出血的主要原因[138,139]

质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitor,PPI)可有效预防危重患者应激性黏膜病变的发生[140]。部分CD患者可能累及上消化道或合并幽门梗阻,需要行十二指肠部分切除、胃部分切除、胃旁路手术或远端胃大部切除术,而PPI能有效预防上消化道手术后吻合口溃疡和吻合口出血[141,142]。考虑到常规使用PPI可能引起肠道菌群的失调、破坏肠道屏障,增加IBD的患病风险,对于无高危因素的IBD患者,术后应谨慎使用抑酸药物[143]

五、术后管理

19.无需常规留置鼻胃管。根据患者的具体病情及是否合并吻合口漏的高危因素决定是否留置腹腔引流管。术后早期拔除引流管。推荐等级:建议

IBD择期手术无需常规留置鼻胃管[144,145]。除非合并膀胱瘘修补等特殊情况,一般于术后24 h拔除尿管[146,147]。IBD患者术后吻合口漏的发生率高于常规结直肠手术[148]。IBD手术后是否需要留置腹腔引流管通常借鉴结直肠手术的经验和研究,术者应综合考虑患者病情和手术的复杂性决定是否放置腹腔引流管。对于CD回盲肠和(或)右半结肠手术,术者应根据术中创面渗出情况及是否存在吻合口漏的高危因素(合并营养不良、腹腔脓肿、术前使用糖皮质激素等)决定是否需要放置腹腔引流管[149]。对于择期结肠手术,多项荟萃分析均提示常规放置腹腔引流管不能降低吻合口漏和其他并发症的发生率[150,151,152]。直肠手术后是否需要留置腹腔引流管目前存在较大争议,一项纳入3个RCT、5个非RCT研究共2277例患者的荟萃分析发现,盆腔引流可以减少直肠前切除术后吻合口漏的发生率和再手术率[153]。该结论与Qu等[154]研究结果一致。然而,近年的两项荟萃分析却未能证实盆腔引流管降低直肠吻合口漏发生的作用[155,156]。CD左半结肠或直肠手术吻合口漏风险较高,建议常规放置盆腔引流管,术后尽早(术后3~5 d)拔除。

IPAA手术是否需要常规放置盆腔引流管存在较大争议。文献报道IPAA术后吻合口漏发生率为8%~15%[157,158]。Luberto等[159]研究纳入97例接受IPAA手术的连续性UC病例,其中腹腔引流组46例、无腹腔引流组51例,结果发现两组间的吻合口漏发生率、术后主要并发症发生率、中位住院时间、90 d内再住院率差异均无统计学意义,认为IPAA手术不需要常规放置腹腔引流管,并且建议早期(术后3~5 d)拔除腹腔引流管,以免出现引流管相关性的腹腔感染、切口疝及肠梗阻等并发症[160,161]

20.采取各种措施预防IBD患者术后恶心呕吐的发生,促进肠功能的早期恢复。推荐等级:强烈推荐

结直肠手术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)的发生率可高达60%[162]。成年患者术后PONV发生的高危因素包括(1)女性;(2)年轻;(3)既往PONV史或晕动病症史;(4)非吸烟;(5)腹腔镜手术;(6)使用阿片类药物镇痛[163]。IBD患者延迟性术后肠麻痹(>4 d)的发生率高于结直肠肿瘤患者(28.8%比14.8%,P<0.001),其原因与术前使用糖皮质激素(>20 mg/d)、低蛋白血症、全身炎症反应综合征、腹腔脓肿等有关[164]

ERAS各项措施有助于预防术后PONV的发生,促进术后肠蠕动功能的恢复,缩短住院时间,降低总体并发症率[165]。手术结束前静脉输注4 mg,或术前8 mg口服5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂(如昂丹司琼)能有效预防PONV[163]。地塞米松能减轻术后全身炎症反应并预防PONV的发生,诱导麻醉前静脉注射地塞米松8 mg可有效降低IBD择期手术后肠麻痹的发生率[166]。术后嚼口香糖能有效促进胃肠道蠕动[167],术后嚼口香糖患者的术后第1次排气时间更早,肠功能恢复更快,住院时间更短,术后发生肠梗阻的风险更低[168]。限制液体摄入可减轻IBD患者的肠黏膜水肿,促进肠功能的早期恢复,从而缩短患者住院日,减少住院费用[169]。针灸疗法可以减少术后PONV的发生、促进胃肠道蠕动、减轻术后疼痛,具有减轻应激、加快康复等优点[170,171]。术后镇痛减轻患者疼痛,采用低阿片和(或)去阿片多模式镇痛可明显减少术后PONV,加快患者术后早期下床活动,有利于胃肠道功能恢复[172]

21.鼓励IBD患者择期手术后早期进食,促进肠蠕动功能恢复。推荐等级:推荐

鼓励IBD患者在择期手术后24 h内经口进食[173]。采取各种措施促进胃肠道功能恢复,包括术中及术后限制性输液,减少阿片类药物的应用,早期下床活动和嚼口香糖等,从而提高患者接受术后早期进食的意愿[174]。推荐口服营养作为最佳的围手术期营养支持的模式,术后早期使用肠内营养是有益的,能够促进IBD患者术后早期排气排便、减少术后并发症,缩短术后住院时间[175]

六、出院标准及随访

22.以保障患者安全为基础,制定可量化的、具有可操作性的出院标准。同时制定安全的综合出院随访计划及再入院的"绿色通道"。条件允许的单位可设立IBD专病门诊,建立术后定期复查制度。推荐等级:强烈推荐

IBD不同于其他的消化外科疾病,外科手术仅针对并发症进行处理,患者术后仍需要继续按照慢性病进行管理。因此,应该建立由消化内科医师、外科医师、营养师、专科护士、心理学家等组成MDT团队,制定一个安全的综合随访计划,密切关注疾病身心健康、营养状况等。制定以保障患者安全为基础的、可量化的、具有可操作性的出院标准,可自由活动,口服镇痛剂时无痛,恢复饮食,无危及生命的并发症风险,患者同意出院[176]。应加强患者出院后的随访,外科医师要和消化内科医师密切协作,综合评估制定适合患者的个体化术后治疗方案[177]。建立明确的再入院的"绿色通道"。在患者出院后24~48 h内,应常规进行电话随访及指导。告知出院后7~14 d应至门诊进行回访。条件允许的单位可设立IBD专病门诊,建立术后定期复查制度,一般在术后半年进行第1次复查,后续每年复查1次。

执笔人:陈志辉(中山大学附属第一医院),何泽华(中山大学附属第一医院广西医院)

参与讨论与投票的专家名单(按姓氏汉语拼音排序):曹天生(广州市花都区人民医院)、陈创奇(中山大学附属第一医院)、陈耿臻(汕头大学医学院第二附属医院)、陈海明(江门市人民医院)、陈泓磊(中山大学附属第八医院)、陈剑辉(中山大学附属第一医院)、陈雷(暨南大学附属第一医院)、陈戎(广州医科大学附属第三医院)、陈文局(梅州市人民医院)、陈新桂(揭阳市人民医院)、陈瑛罡(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院深圳医院)、陈远光(广州医科大学附属第一医院)、陈志辉(中山大学附属第一医院)、陈智翔(韶关市第一人民医院)、程黎阳(中国人民解放军南部战区总医院)、褚忠华(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院)、崔春晖(南方医科大学珠江医院)、邓国荣(湛江市中心人民医院)、刁德昌(广东省中医院)、董启超(珠海市人民医院)、窦若虚(中山大学附属第五医院)、奉光举(深圳市华中科技大学协和深圳医院)、龚瑾(暨南大学附属第一医院)、巩鹏(深圳大学总医院)、古维立(广州市第一人民医院)、郭雄波(广州医科大学附属第二医院)、何嘉琳(广州市番禺区中心医院)、何军强(江门市新会区人民医院)、何伟玲(厦门大学附属翔安医院)、何晓生(中山大学附属第六医院)、何永忠(广州市番禺区何贤纪念医院)、洪伟勤(汕头市中心医院)、侯杰(深圳市宝安区人民医院)、胡琛(惠州市中心人民医院)、黄鑫(潮州市中心医院)、黄长文(清远市人民医院)、蒋晓松(广东省中医院珠海分院)、金雄伟(东莞康华医院)、剧永乐(南方医科大学顺德医院)、孔刚(江门市中心医院)、来伟(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院)、李定云(汕头大学医学院附属粤北人民医院)、李力波(东莞市人民医院)、李力人(中山大学肿瘤防治中心)、李明哲(中山大学附属第七医院)、李旺林(广州市第一人民医院)、李晓辉(普宁市人民医院)、李欣欣(汕头大学医学院第一附属医院)、李雪萍(东莞东华医院)、李志刚(南雄市人民医院)、林春水(南方医科大学南方医院)、林宗伟(南方医科大学深圳医院)、刘继东(深圳市龙岗中心医院)、刘立新(南方医科大学第三附属医院)、刘书强(中山市小榄人民医院)、罗宏宇(惠州市第六人民医院)、雒洪志(中山市人民医院)、吕国庆(北京大学深圳医院)、吕培标(中山大学附属第三医院粤东医院)、马明辉(茂名市人民医院)、彭晓锋(陆丰市人民医院)、沈智勇(南方医科大学南方医院)、石一峰(汕尾市第二人民医院)、宋新明(中山大学附属第一医院)、苏晓文(广东省高州市人民医院)、王平(广州医科大学附属第一医院)、王天宝(深圳大学附属华南医院)、王炜(广东省第二中医院)、魏波(中山大学附属第三医院)、吴德庆(广东省人民医院)、吴辉(广州市第十二人民医院)、吴文辉(中山大学附属第七医院)、吴现瑞(中山大学附属第六医院)、吴晓滨(中山大学附属第八医院)、吴印兵(广州医科大学附属肿瘤医院)、谢容明(揭阳市人民医院)、谢正勇(中国人民解放军南部战区总医院)、徐飞鹏(广东医科大学附属医院)、徐新强(广东省河源市人民医院)、许峰峰(广州医科大学附属第五医院)、许马川(阳江市人民医院)、许慕明(汕头大学医学院附属肿瘤医院)、薛琪(南方医科大学中西医结合医院)、杨凯(云浮市人民医院)、杨璐(中山大学附属第一医院)、杨世斌(中山大学附属第一医院)、杨万成(汕尾市红十字医院汕尾市人民医院)、姚学清(广东省人民医院)、余智涛(广东省第二人民医院)、张飞(深圳市南山区医疗集团总部)、张海涛(深圳市第二人民医院)、张浩(香港大学深圳医院)、张清(肇庆市第一人民医院)、张伟斌(广东药科大学附属第一医院)、张相良(广州医科大学附属肿瘤医院)、张灼新(梅州市人民医院)、章斐然(汕头大学医学院第一附属医院)、赵超尘(广州医科大学附属第一医院)、钟克力(深圳市人民医院)、钟敏(广东省中医院)、周宏锋(前海人寿广州总医院)、周俊(茂名市人民医院)、周泉波(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院)、周少丽(中山大学附属第三医院)、周仕海(中山市人民医院)、朱文劲(广东医学院附属医院)、庄宝雄(南方医科大学南方医院)、宗华(深圳市第三人民医院)、邹兆伟(南方医科大学珠江医院)

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